Shahnameh scholars have earlier often referred to Ferdowsi’s shiism of being of the zaydi, twelvers, and Ismaili type. The writer of this essay sees the latter opinion closer to the truth since.There have been close associations between Ismailis and the compatriot Persian Dehqans and Sunni followers have constantly accused Ferdowsi for having ancient Persian beliefs.Ferdowsi like Naserkhosrow and the Ismailis finds helpful accompaniment of Immanence and revelation in knowing God.In a verse in Shahnameh’s preface God is known as ”The designer of the best gem“.And based on Ferdowsi’s words one can assume "the best gem” (in contrast to attribute) is the essence of reason and Universal Soul which is the source of all creation.Ferdowsi like Naserkhosrow based on the Ismailis doctrine, summon people to inspect the word of God so that one can comprehend the true essence of God’s words as a great reward.Description of the process of creation in the preface is closer to the beliefs of Naserkhosrow and Ismailis.Both poets speak of God of revelation (Tanzil or Nateq) that the God of interpretation or (executor, Vasi) should disclose the secret of His words.They both in praise of prophet’s family use the term Ahl-al bayt and unlike many Sunni historians and geographers who mention Imam Reza once speak of city of Tus, there are no references made to Imam Reza who was buried near them or else the conclusion would have been to regard Ferdowsi as a twelver.

Due to the culmination and continuation of Arab uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa, once again the question has risen whether the scope of the uprisings will extend to other parts of the world, particularly in the Central Asia and the Caucasus. Tajikistan, in this region, has far more fragile situation than others and its most significant political-security event in the past was the civil war. Since then, drug transition has posed a remarkable security threat to the country. The July 2012 events in Badakhshan, not only revived the memory of the Tajik civil war in the minds, but showed the fragility of peace in the country. Thus, the study of the roots and consequences of Badakhshan event may largely reflect the political and security prospect in Tajikistan.

"Disagreement over succession" has been the deciding factor in divergence among Shiites, and led to the formation of Ismaili sect. Although this sect has played an influential role in the muslim socio-political life, little work has been done to analyze it from a political perspective. This article suggests that the concept of "Imam" is the nodal point of the Ismaili political discourse, and all the other concepts and subsidiary signifiers bear an "intentional" relation to it and gain importance due to it. Depending on the time necessities and the expediency of the dominant political discourse, the Ismaili Imam was either absent or present. On no conditions, however, should his decrees which give meaning to Ismaili cosmos be disregarded.Adopting a phenomenological approach, this article aims to give a general view of the Ismaili political thought and explore its relationship with the constituent concept of Imam.

In Ismailis history and its ups and downs some scientists and thinkers appeared who compiled and explained intellectual, scholastic theological and philosophical problems of this political and religious current. One of the most important subjects in historical view of Ismailis was their opinion about Human Evolution. In Ismailis point of view history has an evolutionary course and always travels from an era to a new one. In this evolutionary trend man also go toward evolution gradually. Current article tries to survey Ismailis’ historical view on human creation (Old Propaganda) and his achievement to bliss and also tries to answer that what is the aspects of human existence and his extremes of evolution in Ismailis historical philosophy and by these aspects is he capable to reach the final evolution or not? This survey outcome result is that in their view human possess different aspects. First he is an animal which is drowned in his material and spiritual life and considered as the most distant creature to god but by the guidance of profits and saints he is able to reach his extreme religious evolution on the earth. However human mental evolution and achieving extremes of wisdom and knowledge or Total Wisdom is practically impossible.

With the establishment of the Ismaili government in central Alborz in Alamut, a new neighboring power for the local and archaic communities in Mazandaran emerged that affected the regional power and territorial sovereignty of this local dynasty. This article answers the question of what factors influenced the relationship between the two local powers? The results show that the political and religious struggles of these two governments in the fifth to seventh centuries AH created more relations based on competition and hostility between them. The evolution of relations between these two governments was influenced by different factors and conditions. These factors included the desire to expand or retain territory, ideological and religious differences, the influence of third powers such as the Seljuks and Mongols, the asylum seeking of the members of ruling family, and the use of Ismaili opposition killing policy. The present article seeks to highlight these factors using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a more detailed and coherent perspective on the relationship between these two important regional powers in the fifth to seventh centuries AH.

This article studies political activities of Alamut Ismailis in Iran during 618-653 A.H. At the beginning of this period, with invasions of the Mongols and decline of the Kharazmshahids, political power was destroyed. The main question of this article is as follows: what strategy followed by Ismailis of Alamut for development of their influence and increasing their realm in the new political conditions. Trying to answer this question, it can be said that Alamut Ismailis used diplomatic negotiations and military activities simultaneously, with regard to other governments. For this purpose we consider the character of Ala-al-din Mohammad and the relationships of Ismailis with Kharazmshhids, Abbasids and Mongols in this period.

The process of globalization as a change in the spatial organization and cultural-economic relations has affected the various dimensions of human life, and the globalization of the free flow of information, communications and the transformation of interactions and communications from the micro to macro levels has created the challenges and opportunities against the international community. One of the influential areas of globalization is the issue of ethnicity in countries with ethnic diversity like Iran. The purpose of this research is to answer these questions of how globalization has promoted and deepened ethnicity. What are the strategies to minimize the ethnic challenges in Iran? The research results are presented in four sections: 1. weakening national sovereignty; 2. intensifying Political and ethnic tensions; 3. ethnicity in Iran after the Islamic Revolution; and 4. solutions for ethnic and religious convergence in Iran. This article is based on the theoretical framework of the methodology an analytical descriptive with emphasis on the narrative of interaction between the approach of codification and specificity, and the method of data collection is the use of library resources and articles.

In this study, we have demonstrated that differences in the attitude, behavior and fertility level of ethnic groups are the reaction of their different position in the educational system caused by unequal development. Findings show that there are deep educational inequality, sex imbalance in literacy and level of education, with higher intensity among Kurd ethnic group, and significant differences in the attitudes, behavior and fertility level among ethnic group.Yet, after controlling the effect of independent variables, ethnic differences in fertility declined from 2 children into 0.57 children. In general, 39.3% of ethnic group's fertility variance is explained by the variables studied.Because of high level of educational inequality, attitudes and fertility ideals are also different and support high and low fertility Among Kurds and Turks respectively. These different attitudes caused different demographic functions and continuation of this situation will cause demographic divergency become the predominant in surveyed society.